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Most fish that live in the bathyal zone are either black or red in color. Since this zone is so deep it is always cold. The animals that live in this zone will eat anything since food is very scarce this deep down in the ocean. . The mesopelagic zone (or middle open ocean) stretches from the bottom of the epipelagic down to the point where sunlight cannot reach. There are 5 layers of the ocean, not 4. The water temperature is constantly near freezing, and only a few creatures can be found at these crushing depths. The Abyssopelagic Zone (or abyssal zone) extends from 13,100 feet (4,000 meters) to 19,700 feet (6,000 meters). Glow-in-the-dark fish, gigantic sea worms, and explosive hydrothermal vents. The animals of the abyssal plain are the same as those of the continental shelf; octopi, squid, fish, worms, and mollusks are found there. It influences animals living here. What zone do most animals live in? The Abssal Zone, also known as the Abyssopelagic Zone, is the layer of the ocean that touches the ocean basin, or floor of the ocean. What animals live in the abyssopelagic zone? Following the epipelagic zone is the mesopelagic zone, where sunlight is very faint and you begin to find creatures that have the ability to glow in the dark, or are bioluminescent. The vampire squid's tentacles are lined with sharp spines to catch it prey with. The fifth zone is found only in specific places and occurs under certain circumstances. The Abyssopelagic Zone (or abyssal zone) extends from 13,100 feet (4,000 meters) to 19,700 feet (6,000 meters). Temperatures here are frigid and pressures are hundreds of times greater than those at the ocean's surface. The following diagram shows the layers of the ocean: An abyssal zone is a portion of the ocean deeper than about 2,000 m (6,600 feet) and shallower than about 6,000 m (20,000 feet). The hadal zone is the deepest region of the ocean, extending from approximately 6,000 meters to 11,000 meters below the sea surface. 4. The animals of the abyssal plain belong to the same groups as the animals of the continental shelf; you can find octopi, squid, fish, worms and mollusks there. For information on user permissions, please read our Terms of Service. Both have large mouth lined with teeth that are capable of accommodating prey much larger than themselves. At depths of 3,000 to 6,000 meters (which is approximately 9,800 to 19,700 ft), this zone remains in acute darkness. It truly is the abyss. The animals of the abyssal plain belong to the same groups as the animals of the continental shelf; you can find octopi, squid, fish, worms and mollusks there. The open ocean is an enormous place. Up to about 200 feet below the surface of the ocean is called the epipelagic zone. Hadalpelagic Zone Due to the limited availability of food, the deep sea is also sparsely populated compared to continental shelves. It is the largest ecosystem on earth. The bathyal, or bethypelagic, zone is the area of the ocean between 3,300 and 13,000 feet deep. The Abyssal Zone is the ocean's fourth deepest and darkest layer. Point out the intertidal zonein the epipelagic zone right above the continental shelfand tell students it is the region along the shoreline covered by the sea at high tide but exposed to air at low tide. On average, the ocean is about 12,100 feet (3,688 m) deep.1, 3. They live at depths of around 2,000 metres and can reach up to two metres in length. The long, thin bodies of eels are adaptable to the pressures of the bathyal zone. Caused by increasing water pressure, the abyssopelagic zone is much less explored than the shallower ocean zones, and it is frequent that scientists discover new species when exploring this area. No green plants can survive in this environment, since there is no sunlight with which to make energy. [ bth-p-ljk ] A layer of the oceanic zone lying below the mesopelagic zone and above the abyssopelagic zone, at depths generally between about 1,000 and 4,000 m (3,280-13,120 ft).The bathypelagic zone receives no sunlight and water pressure is considerable. Secure .gov websites use HTTPS The answer is yes. Other types of animals found in the abyssopelagic zone include deep-sea jellies, sea stars, deep-sea shrimp, and the dumbo octopus. Organisms in the bathypelagic live in complete darkness, 24 hours per day. Bacteria. Abyss derives from the Greek word , meaning bottomless. Grenadiers, sometimes known as rattails, are a group of marine fish from the family Macrouridae that inhabit the deep-sea from 200 m to 7000 m. What is lurking in the deepest and darkest parts of the ocean? They often have special adaptations to help them reproduce since finding mates in the dark and sparsely-populated world of the abyssal plain can be difficult. Sea surface temperatures for a single year: 2014 (900 kb). The abyssal zone or abyssopelagic zone is a layer of the pelagic zone of the ocean. Let us know. The mesopelagic zone is sometimes referred to as the twilight zone or the midwater zone, as sunlight this deep is very faint. Ocean zones are regions of the ocean that contain distinctive plant and animal life. Understanding Oceanic Zones: The layers of depth in the ocean help to define unique environments that create separate ecosystems in the sea. Many abyssal animals are bioluminescent, meaning they can produce their own light. Then point out to students that the top three zones together are called the pelagic zone, or open ocean. The next zone is the bathyal zone. Its unique conditions may be home to unique species that may not be found in the larger region. Science frequently discovers new species when scientists collect abyssal specimens for study. National Geographic Headquarters If you have questions about how to cite anything on our website in your project or classroom presentation, please contact your teacher. What animals live in the Abyssopelagic zone? Invertebrates like jellyfish, squids, octopus and krill are . Abyssopelagic Zone - The next layer is called the abyssopelagic zone, also known as the abyssal zone or simply as the abyss. What fish lives in the abyssal zone? The two most common species are the swallower eel and the gulper eel. region between the high and low tide of an area. The region also has a much higher concentration of nutrient salts, such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and silica, as a result of the large amount of dead organic material that drifts down from the above ocean zones and decomposes. The divisions generally correspond to differences in depth, amount of sunlight, temperature, pressure, nutrients, and organisms that live in those zones. Discover abyssal zone organisms, including abyssal zone animals and their biome. The one exception to this is found around rifts where tectonic plates are spreading apart and new seafloor is being formed. Earth Ocean Formation Theories | How Did the Oceans Form? National Geographic Society is a 501 (c)(3) organization. The depth and strength of the thermocline varies from season to season and year to year. These layers are followed by the abyssal zone, which is the focus of this article. Where deep, wide trenches occur in the otherwise flat seafloor, the open water that fills them is the hadopelagic zone. Few organisms can successful survive in the harsh environment, and many of those that can have adapted to be transparent and eyeless due to the extreme darkness. As far as we know, the ocean is 36,200 feet (11,000 m or almost 7 miles) deep at its deepest point. A lack of sunlight, as well as cold temperatures and immense pressure, result in a low diversity of species being found in the Abyssal zone. The ocean is divided into five zones: the epipelagic zone, or upper open ocean (surface to 650 feet deep); the mesopelagic zone, or middle open ocean (650-3,300 feet deep); the bathypelagic zone, or lower open ocean (3,300-13,000 feet deep); the abyssopelagic zone, or abyss (13,000-20,000 feet deep); and the hadopelagic zone, or deep ocean trenches (20,000 feet and deeper). Male anglerfish, for example, literally attach themselves physically to the female, using her blood for food, like a parasite, and fertilizing her eggs in return. What types of animals live in the oceanic zone? Some animals that live in the abyssal plain are Angler Fish, elephant eyed (dumbo) octopus, sea cucumbers, and feeler fish. Chemosynthesis is the energy-making method for the unique organisms that can tolerate the extreme temperatures of these underwater springs. Have students predict the different conditions that exist in each habitat.Ask students to describe the differences in pressure, temperature, and light in the different layers of the ocean. Whether you need help solving quadratic equations, inspiration for the upcoming science fair or the latest update on a major storm, Sciencing is here to help. Elicit from students that each zone has unique characteristics and animal and plant life. . This water sinks to the seafloor, supplying oxygen to deep-sea life. Animals. Generally speaking the deep end of the mesopelagic zone is approximately 1000 m (3300 feet) deep. The Rights Holder for media is the person or group credited. my forever sunshine thai drama eng sub dramacool; irs letter from austin, tx 73301; mississippi state football camp 2022; steering the ship metaphor; pyrosome eats penguin; the wiggles scripts; decomposers in the mesopelagic zone. 5. The animals that live in this zone will eat anything since food is very scarce this deep down in the ocean. They prey on squid, including the giant squid. website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. In the case of the deep open ocean, organisms never even see sunlight. Many of the species of fishes and invertebrates that live here migrate up into shallower, epipelagic depths to feed, but only under the cover of night. 2. The life that is found in the Abyssal Zone includes chemosynthetic bacteria, tubeworms, and small fish that are dark in color or transparent. These characteristics are also paired with other adaptations which include enlarged teeth, fangs, extra fins, extra gills, and structures that function to attract prey. Scientists believe that this lure attracts other fish for its food or mating. It is from 2,000-6,000 meters. The eyes on the fishes are also larger and generally upward directed, most likely to see silhouettes of other animals (for food) against the dim light. Generally speaking, this zone reaches from the sea surface down to approximately 200 m (650 feet). The bathyal zone extends from the neritic zone to the. As organisms living in these upper layers die, their remains drift toward the ocean floor like soft snow. 4. This activity is made possible by a generous grant from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) National Marine Sanctuary Program. With that sunlight comes heatfrom sun, whichis responsible forwide variations in temperature across this zone, both with the seasons and latitudes -sea surface temperatures range from as high as 97F (36C) in the Persian Gulf to 28F (-2C) near the North Pole. Wind keeps this layer mixed and thus allows thesun's heatto be distributed vertically. This capability is important because the deep sea is completely dark, and the ability to produce light can help fish lure their prey, find prey or attract mates. It also includes sharks and invertebrates such as squid, shrimp, sea spiders, sea stars, and other crustaceans. This detritus provides food to the animals of the abyssal plain. Phytoplanktons provide oxygen for humans and food for many animals. Contact Us. Colder temperatures, food scarcity, reduced predation pressure, and increased dissolved oxygen concentrations in the deep sea are a few explanations for this type of gigantism. There is little life found in the Abyssal Biome because it is shaped by its extreme environmental conditions. deep pit in the ocean or other body of water. 2023 Leaf Group Ltd. / Leaf Group Media, All Rights Reserved. A lock ( Animals that can withstand the pressures in this depth, which can reach up to 600 times what is experienced at sea level are highly specialized. We dont know how many species inhabit the abyssal ecosystem because the depths of the ocean are poorly explored. Because light does not reach this part of the ocean, it is impossible for plants to grow, but there are . No whale species live permanently in the bathyal zone, but sperm whales, with the large proportion of tissue in their heads protecting them from the immense pressures at depth, are capable of diving into the bathyal zone to hunt. The depth of 4000 meters reaches the ocean floor. The monognathid eel has developed a single fang that is linked to a primitive venom gland, on which it impales prey. The bathypelagic is much larger than the mesopelagic and 15 times the size of the epipelagic. Up to 76 megapascals of water pressure can be achieved. The conditions of the Abyssal Zone are almost constant. These are heterotrophic planktons that include most of the micro and macroorganisms. Privacy Notice| How deep is the Abyssopelagic zone? The most common characteristics of species that live in this zone include slow metabolic rates, slow consumption, flexible stomachs, large mouths, and . Food is hard to find, so they must swallow as much as they can when they find it and store some of it, because their next meal may be a long time away. If a media asset is downloadable, a download button appears in the corner of the media viewer. In addition, the food web down there is similar to food webs everywhere on Earth, with chemosynthetic bacteria creating energy for the rest of the food chain using hydrothermal vents, supporting giant tube worms and crustaceans. In the abyssal zone, life appears ill-adapted to survive in a strange, harsh world. Oceans cover more than 70 percent of the Earths surface, and half of those waters are at least 1.86 miles (3 km) deep. 230 lessons. They are sometimes referred to as ocean layers or environmental zones. The zone is cold with near-freezing ocean temperatures and has high and increasing pressure with depth (300 to 400 atmospheres.). The name (abyss) comes from a Greek word meaning "no bottom" because they thought the ocean was bottomless. However, life has found ways to thrive here. Finally, organisms that live on the ocean floor (regardless of depth) are part of the benthos. Tube worms living in the deep sea vents are shown here: Fish also exist at these depths. The communities are encased in perpetual darkness, and the temperatures are also cold, hovering near freezing, due to the lack of sunlight. In addition, due to the amount of water covering the abyssal zone, the pressure is extreme, between 200 and 600 times that of the surface. Oceana joined forces with Sailors for the Sea, an ocean conservation organization dedicated to educating and engaging the worlds boating community. The only light at this depth and lowercomes from the bioluminescence of the animals themselves. Abyssal pressure is also extreme due to the amount of water covering the zone, between 200 and 600 times greater than the surface pressure. It is the pitch-black bottom layer of the ocean. You'll find animals that travel long distances and some that drift with the currents. Because the deep sea is completely black, the ability to produce light can help fish lure prey, find prey, and attract mates. The temperature in the bathypelagic zone, unlike that of the mesopelagic zone, is constant. What is the abyss in the ocean? Create your account, 23 chapters | Abyss (abyssopelagic zone) 5. Megan Smith is a high school science teacher who has taught Earth Science, Marine Biology, and other sciences for the past few years. They have fat-filled swim bladders or lake them altogether. . In Honduras the depth is only about 550 meters and it is near to land. The only layer deeper than the abyssal zone is the hadalpelagic zone, which occurs from the seafloor into the deepest trenches, or vertical caverns, in the ocean. What kind of animals live in the Abyssopelagic zone? While the ocean seems vast and unending, it is, in fact, finite; as the climate continues to change, we are learning more about those limits. At depths of 3,000 to 6,000 metres (9,800 to . Text on this page is printable and can be used according to our Terms of Service. The surface layers of the ocean generally obtain oxygen from diffusion and brisk circulation. There are no plants in the abyssal zone because it is too deep for sunlight to penetrate, and the sunlight is necessary for plants to grow. To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member. Students review what animal adaptations are, identify marine animal adaptations in a photo gallery, and predict how types of adaptations vary with ocean habitats. Animals from the Hadal Zone. The next deepest zone is called the bathypelagic zone (or lower open ocean). As land mammals that breathe air, walk on land, and rely on our sense of sight for almost all functions, it is difficult for people (even experts) to comprehend that most of the organisms on the planet are never exposed to air, land, or sunlight. The epipelagic is home to all sorts of iconic animals, like whales and dolphins, billfishes, tunas, jellyfishes, sharks, and many other groups. height: 60px; All right, let's take a moment or two to review. New Zealand Ministry For Culture And Heritage: The Bathypelagic Zone. 00:00 00:00 An unknown error has occurred To know about the Bathyal Zone organisms living there we need to dive deeper into the ocean which is located between 3,300 to 13,000 feet measured in depth. The animals that live in this zone will eat anything since food is very scarce this deep down in the ocean. The water along the bottom of this zone is actually devoid of oxygen, making it a death trap for organisms unable to return to the oxygen-rich water above. This zone starts at the bottom of the mesopelagic and stretches down to 4000 m (13,000 feet). 6. The name comes from a Greek word meaning "no bottom". You. What animals live in the abyssal zone? The abyssal zone retains several cubic centimeters of dissolved oxygen per liter because the sparse animal populations do not consume oxygen faster than it is introduced. Terms of Service| Humans have only explored 5 percent of the worlds oceans. copyright 2003-2023 Study.com. The audio, illustrations, photos, and videos are credited beneath the media asset, except for promotional images, which generally link to another page that contains the media credit. Some of them rely on it directly, while others eat organisms that eat detritus. As a member, you'll also get unlimited access to over 88,000 Neritic Zone Sediments & Organisms | What is the Neritic Zone? Also check: Points to Remember The animals that live in this zone will eat anything since food is very scarce this deep down in the ocean. Try refreshing the page, or contact customer support. We will discuss this in more detail as we progress through this article. What kind of animals live in the abyssopelagic zone? Abyssal crustaceans and abyssal molluscs Colossendeis: this genus of marine spiders, some of which are bioluminescent, lives in deep water and is notable for the length of their limbs, which can reach 40-50 centimetres, in contrast to their small bodies. He has worked for bookshops and publishers in an editorial capacity and written book reviews for a variety of publications. The Abyssal Zone is the ocean's fourth deepest (and the darkest) ocean layer. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.. Epipelagic Zone A special zone that only exists in certain places around the world is called the hadopelagic zone. This part of the ocean is known as the Abyssal Zone, AKA Abyssopelagic Zone. Some animals that live in the aphotic zone include the gulper eel, giant squid, smaller squids, anglerfish, vampire squid, and numerous jellyfish. (3,300-13,000 feet deep); the abyssopelagic zone, or abyss (13,000-20,000 feet deep); and the . Since food is hard to find, they need to swallow as much as they can when they find it -- and preferably store some of it, because their next meal could be a long time coming. Sunlit zone (epipelagic zone) 2. Box Jellyfish Anatomy & Movement | What are Box Jellies? The abyssal zone is a frightening sight. While there are no plants in the abyssal zone, there are other living organisms that survive here. His articles have appeared in "Plenty," "San Diego Reader," "Santa Barbara Independent" and "East Bay Monthly." Ocean animals have unique adaptations depending on what ocean habitat they live in. Unique animals like the marine hatchet fish and giant squid live in this subzone, surviving mostly on the detritus that drifts down from the epipelagic zone. abyssal zone animals adaptations. As an adaptation to the aphotic environment, the deep-sea squid is transparent and also uses photophores to lure prey and deter predators. An official website of the United States government. From massive marine mammals like whales to the tiny krill that form the bottom of the food chain, all life in the ocean is interconnected. It is located approximately between 13,000 feet and 20,000 feet of depth. Pelagic life is found throughout the water column, although the numbers of individuals and species decrease with . Based in San Diego, John Brennan has been writing about science and the environment since 2006. More than 99 percent of Earths inhabitable spaceis in the open ocean.3. The only exception is around rifts, where tectonic plates are spreading apart and new seafloor is being formed. Kelp Forest Food Web | Characteristics, Ecosystem & Threats, Oceanic Animal Adaptations: Lesson for Kids, Ocean Ecosystem Producers & Consumers | Overview, Purpose & Examples, Tidal Friction Overview & Effects | Impact of Tides on Earth & Moon. But life has found ways to thrive here, nonetheless. Click here or below to download hands-on marine science activities for kids. The ocean has three broad habitats: the intertidal zone, the pelagic zone, and the abyss. This zone is located 13,000 feet to 20,000 feet (4,000- 6,000 meters) below the surface of the ocean and is characterized by high pressure, near-freezing temperatures, and no sunlight. Animals in the abyssal plain, for example, tend to be small, but they usually have large, flexible stomachs and largemouths. The temperatures of the exploding hot springs can rise over 750 degrees Fahrenheit or 400 degrees Celsius. Yet, sperm whales can dive down to this level in search of food. Abyssal fauna, though very sparse and embracing relatively few species, include representatives of all major marine invertebrate phyla and several kinds of fish, all adapted to an environment marked by no diurnal or seasonal changes, high pressures, darkness, calm water, and soft sediment bottoms. The Abyss (Abyssal Zone) From 13,135 feet to 19,700 feet, the Abyssal zone (aka "the abyss") contains zero sunlight and crushing levels of water pressure. Interestingly, although these animals have unique adaptations to their environment, many belong to the same groups of continental shelf species (Brennan, 2018). The abyssal zone, also known as the abyssopelagic zone, is one of the levels into which the oceans are divided and it is found between 3,000 and 6,000 meters below the surface. We have already protected nearly 4 million square miles of ocean and innumerable sea life -but there is still more to be done. Marine ecosystems contain a diverse array of living organisms and abiotic processes. We need to know about the other layers of the ocean in order to understand the abyssal zone. This creepy scene is the abyssal zone. Appearing here is a diagram of the ocean layers: Despite the extreme conditions in the abyssal zone, some organisms manage to inhabit this ecosystem. environment where an organism lives throughout the year or for shorter periods of time. This is as a defense against predators -- with only minute amounts of blue-green light, red is not reflected and appears black. Any interactives on this page can only be played while you are visiting our website. As food is scarce in the Abyssal Zone, most animals resort to various physical and behavioral adaptations to survive. This zone covers around 83% of the total area of . The name (abyss) comes from a Greek word meaning "no bottom" because they thought the ocean was bottomless. After these layers is the abyssal zone, the focus of this lesson. Abyssal life includes chemosynthetic bacteria, tubeworms, and small fish that are dark in color or transparent. The abyssal zone is a strange, harsh world that seems ill-adapted to support life. There is no sunlight reaching this layer of the ocean because its so deep. The surface of the ocean down to about 200 feet is called the epipelagic zone. What animals live in the abyssopelagic zone? The abyssal realm is very calm, being removed from the storms that agitate the ocean at the air-sea interface. Above this zone lies the mesopelagic zone, below is located in the abyssal zone also known as the abyssopelagic zone. The mesopelagic zone is much larger than the epipelagic, and the most numerous vertebrates on Earth (small bristlemouth fishes) live in this zone. This habitat is also home to fish such as the deep sea anglerfish and the tripod fish, as well as the giant squid and carnivores on the seafloor. Learn about the abyssal zone of the ocean, also known as the abyssopelagic zone. Answer: There are many layers to the ocean floor but the one where 90% of all ocean life lives is the epipelagic, or euphotic zone. 1. They spend their entire lives surrounded by water on all sides and do not know that anything else even exists. The habitat contains all an animal needs to survive such as food and shelter. The weight of all the water over head in the Mariana Trench is over 8 tons per square inch. These extreme temperatures are quickly surrounded by the colder temperature of the open ocean water. The viperfish, for example, has a hinged skull that can rotate upwards so it can eat large fish, as well as a large stomach to store plenty of food and a set of fangs that look ferocious to chomp down on its prey. After students have completed the worksheets, collect the worksheets and use the provided answer key to check students answers. The tripod fish has three projections that allow it to rest on the ocean floor, scanning for prey. After the mesopelagic zone is the bathypelagic zone, or the midnight zone. The concentration of nutrient salts of nitrogen, phosphorus, and silica in abyssal waters is much higher than in overlying waters. The monognathid eel has developed a single fang that is linked to a primitive venom gland, on which it impales prey. Hadal zone. Animals There are five main types of animals that live in the Ocean Pelagic Zone: Birds . The deepest a fish have ever been found, Abyssobrotula galatheae, was in the Puerto Rico Trench at 8,372 meters (27,460 feet). The females have an appendage that is attached to a bioluminescent ball. ) or https:// means youve safely connected to the .gov website. Skip to content. Encourage groups to use information from the diagram and the provided Internet resources, or classroom and library resources. These bacteria, for example, convert hydrogen sulfide into sulfate and store the energy from this reaction as chemical energy by synthesizing carbon-based compounds. [1,000-4,000 m]), the abyssopelagic zone (about 13,000-20,000 ft [4,000-6,000 m]), and the hadalpelagic . Animals in this zone include anglerfish, deep sea jellyfish, deep sea shrimp, cookiecutter shark, tripod fish, and abyssal octopus also known as the dumbo octopus. The high pressure ranges from approximately 200 to 600 atmospheres (2,938- 8,817 pounds of pressure per square inch), which makes it very difficult for life to exist at these depths. Ask: Why is the ocean divided into different zones? What fish live in the abyssal zone? Explore these resources to teach students about marine organisms, their relationship with one another, and with their environment. Mesopelagic Zone Animals in this zone include anglerfish, deep sea jellyfish, deep sea shrimp, cookiecutter shark, tripod fish, and abyssal octopus also known as the dumbo octopus. The deepest known ocean depth is nearly 11,000 m (36,000 feet or almost 7 miles). Examples include the hagfish which have rasping mouthparts for tearing flesh from carcasses, viperfish which have large eyes to detect prey and scavenging sharks, such as the frill shark and sleeper shark. Trenches . But the animals of the abyssal plain tend to have special adaptations to help them cope with their unusual environment. Generally speaking, this zone reaches from the sea surface down to approximately 200 m (650 feet). Are there any plants in the abyssal zone? Algae that live in the epipelagic zone are responsible for much of the original food production for the entire ocean and create at least 50% of the oxygen in the atmosphere (both through photosynthesis). The animals that live in this zone will eat anything since food is very scarce this deep down in the ocean. This zone is characterized by a relative lack of life. Sunlight does not penetrate the eternal darkness below 1,000 meters (3,280 feet), an area known as the aphotic zone, which includes the midnight zone (or bathypelagic zone) between 1,000 and 4,000 meters (3,280 and 13,123 feet), the abyss (or abyssopelagic zone) between 4,000 and 6,000 meters (13,123 and 19,685 feet), and the hadal zone (or . Discuss the significance of the depths shown on this diagram. Anglerfish, deep sea jellyfish, deep sea shrimp, cookiecutter shark, tripod fish, and abyssal octopus, sometimes known as the dumbo octopus, are some of the animals that live in this zone of the ocean. Bathypelagic Zone Due to no light, Bathypelagic zone is dark and it has high pressure. Mesopelagic animals play an important role in the global carbon cycle and ocean's food chain.